文件管理

$ ls -la
total 32
drwxr-xr-x  5 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 .
drwxr-xr-x  3 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:25 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 user group  220 Dec 15 10:30 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r--  1 user group 3771 Dec 15 10:30 .bashrc
-rw-r--r--  1 user group  807 Dec 15 10:30 .profile
drwxr-xr-x  2 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 documents
-rw-r--r--  1 user group   25 Dec 15 10:30 test.txt

$ cp -v test.txt backup/
'test.txt' -> 'backup/test.txt'

$ cp -r documents/ backup/
documents/file1.txt -> backup/documents/file1.txt
documents/file2.txt -> backup/documents/file2.txt

$ mv -v oldname.txt newname.txt
'oldname.txt' -> 'newname.txt'

$ mv -i file1.txt documents/
mv: overwrite 'documents/file1.txt'? y

$ rm -i test.txt
rm: remove regular file 'test.txt'? y

$ rm -rf temp/
# 静默删除temp目录及其内容

$ cat -n example.txt
     1	这是第一行
     2	这是第二行
     3	这是第三行

$ cat -A example.txt
这是第一行$
这是第二行$
这是第三行$

$ head -n 5 large_file.txt
第1行内容
第2行内容
第3行内容
第4行内容
第5行内容

$ head -c 50 file.txt
这是文件的前50个字符内容

$ tail -n 5 log.txt
2023-12-15 14:30:15 INFO: Service started
2023-12-15 14:30:16 INFO: Database connected
2023-12-15 14:30:17 INFO: Cache initialized
2023-12-15 14:30:18 INFO: API ready
2023-12-15 14:30:19 INFO: Server listening

$ tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
# 实时监控nginx访问日志

$ find /home -name "*.txt"
/home/user/documents/file1.txt
/home/user/documents/file2.txt
/home/user/backup/old.txt

$ find /var/log -type f -mtime -7
/var/log/syslog
/var/log/auth.log
/var/log/nginx/access.log

$ find /tmp -name "*.tmp" -size +1M
/tmp/large_file.tmp
/tmp/backup.tmp

$ find /home -user user -type f -exec ls -lh {} \;
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 25 Dec 15 10:30 /home/user/file1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 user user 30 Dec 15 10:31 /home/user/file2.txt

$ find /var/www -name "*.php" -exec grep -l "mysql_connect" {} \;
/var/www/app/config.php
/var/www/app/database.php

$ find /home -type f -name "*.log" -mtime +30 -delete
# 删除30天前的日志文件

$ find /usr -name "*.conf" -maxdepth 3
/usr/share/doc/nginx/examples/nginx.conf
/usr/share/apache2/conf-available/security.conf

$ find /home -type f -perm 644 -user user
/home/user/.bashrc
/home/user/.profile
/home/user/documents/readme.txt

$ nano newfile.txt
# 创建并编辑新文件

$ nano -w config.conf
# 编辑配置文件，禁用自动换行

$ nano -B important.txt
# 编辑重要文件，自动创建备份

$ nano -v readme.txt
# 以只读模式查看文件

$ nano -m script.sh
# 启用鼠标支持编辑脚本文件

$ tar -czf backup.tar.gz documents/
documents/file1.txt
documents/file2.txt
documents/subdir/file3.txt

$ tar -tf backup.tar.gz
documents/
documents/file1.txt
documents/file2.txt
documents/subdir/
documents/subdir/file3.txt

$ tar -xzf backup.tar.gz -C /tmp/
# 解压到/tmp目录

$ gzip -v large_file.txt
large_file.txt:	85.2% -- replaced with large_file.txt.gz

$ gzip -l file.gz
         compressed        uncompressed  ratio uncompressed_name
               1234               5678  78.3% file

$ gzip -d file.gz
# 解压文件

$ unzip -l archive.zip
Archive:  archive.zip
  Length      Date    Time    Name
---------  ---------- -----   ----
      123  2023-12-15 10:30   file1.txt
      456  2023-12-15 10:31   file2.txt
---------                     -------
      579                     2 files

$ unzip archive.zip -d /tmp/
Archive:  archive.zip
  inflating: /tmp/file1.txt
  inflating: /tmp/file2.txt

$ chmod 755 script.sh
$ ls -l script.sh
-rwxr-xr-x 1 user group 1234 Dec 15 10:30 script.sh

$ chmod -R 644 documents/
$ ls -la documents/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group   25 Dec 15 10:30 file1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group   30 Dec 15 10:30 file2.txt

$ chown newuser:newgroup file.txt
$ ls -l file.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 newuser newgroup 25 Dec 15 10:30 file.txt

$ chown -R user:group documents/
$ ls -la documents/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 .
drwxr-xr-x 3 user group 4096 Dec 15 10:30 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group   25 Dec 15 10:30 file1.txt
-rw-r--r-- 1 user group   30 Dec 15 10:30 file2.txt